smoothing hair

Are you suffering from your curly hair?
Would you like to have the straight hair and in a satisfactory condition ?
You can use hair relaxing ,so your hair would be set into almost any style. The basic products that are used in chemical hair relaxing are a chemical hair relaxer, a neutralizer, a protein-rich moisturizer to stabilize the hair, and a petroleum cream, which is used as a protective base to protect the client’s scalp during the sodium hydroxide chemical straightening process.
The two types for this goal are sodium hydroxide,which does not need per_shampooing and ammonium thioglycolate ,which needs pre shampooing.Both softens and swells hair fibers when the solution penetrate into the cortical layerthe cross-bonds between sulfur and hydrogen are broken and when we use brush or handsin smoothing the hair and distributing the chemical straightens the softened hair.
On the other hand we use the neutralizer which stops the action of any chemical relaxer that
remain in the hair after rinsingThe neutralizer for a thio typerelaxer re-forms the cysteine (sulfur) cross-bonds in their newposition and rehardens the hair.All chemical hair relaxing consist of this three basic steps:
Processing: when it is applied,hair brgins to soften and chemical penetrate to loosen and relax the natural curl.
Neutralizing:The chemical relaxer is rinsed by warm water and follow bya built-in shampoo neutralizer.
Conditioning: Depending on the client’s needs, the conditioner may be part of aseries of hair
treatments, or it may be applied to the hair after the relaxing treatment.

how shampoo act on your hair

Would you like to know about the reaction which happen during the hair washing?



shampoo means removal of dirt,oil,sebum and product buid up from your hair such as dandruff.



The cleaning agent in shampoo is called a surfactant,which have hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end.The hydrophilic end is attached to water and hydrophobic end is attached to oils.They also act as a bridge between the oil and water molecule.So it act as soap and has polar and non polar structure.



A drop or two of shampoo in water forms a monolayer on the water surface,as shown in the picture,The shampoo molecules "stand up" on the surface as the polar end is attracted to the polar water. The non-polar hydrocarbon tails are repelled by the water,which makes them appear to stand up.p



water alone is not able to penetrate in oil because they have opposite polarity.The surface of each oil droplet is negatively charged. As a result, the oil droplets repel each other and remain suspended in solution (this is called an emulsion) to be washed away by water.

manufacture of perfume

From several years ago Human have attemped to enhance their own smell by using perfume.They like to have pleasent smell. Because of differences in body chemistry, temperature, and body odors, no perfume will smell exactly the same on any two people.
The typical materials for purfume are included:
Natural ingredients—flowers, grasses, spices, fruit, wood, roots, resins, balsams, leaves, gums, and animal secretions—as well as resources like alcohol, petrochemicals, coal, and coal tars are used in the manufacture of perfumes. Some plants, such as lily of the valley, do not produce oils naturally. In fact, only about 2,000 of the 250,000 known flowering plant species contain these essential oils.
Some perfume ingredients are animal products. For example, castor comes from beavers, musk from male deer, and ambergris from the sperm whale. Animal substances are often used as fixatives that enable perfume to evaporate slowly and emit odors longer. Other fixatives include coal tar, mosses, resins, or synthetic chemicals. Alcohol and sometimes water are used to dilute ingredients in perfumes. It is the ratio of alcohol to scent that determines whether the perfume is "eau de toilette" (toilet water) or cologne.
The process of making perfume is:
Collection Extraction Blendin Aging
Here I want to write about the extraction and you will accept that chemistry has extremely important role for making a perfume and with out these chemical reaction ,it will never happen. Oils are extracted from plant substances by several methods: steam distillation, solvent extraction, enfleurage, maceration, and expression.
steam distillation: steam is passed through plant material held in a still, whereby the essential oil turns to gas. This gas is then passed through tubes, cooled, and liquefied. Oils can also be extracted by boiling plant substances like flower petals in water instead of steaming them.
Solvent extraction: flowers are put into large rotating tanks or drums and benzene or a petroleum ether is poured over the flowers, extracting the essential oils. The flower parts dissolve in the solvents and leave a waxy material that contains the oil, which is then placed in ethyl alcohol. The oil dissolves in the alcohol and rises. Heat is used to evaporate the alcohol, which once fully burned off, leaves a higher concentration of the perfume oil on the bottom.
Enfleurage: flowers are spread on glass sheets coated with grease. The glass sheets are placed between wooden frames in tiers. Then the flowers are removed by hand and changed until the grease has absorbed their fragrance.
Maceration : it is similar to enfleurage except that warmed fats are used to soak up the flower smell. As in solvent extraction, the grease and fats are dissolved in alcohol to obtain the essential oils.
Expression is the oldest and least complex method of extraction. By this process, now used in obtaining citrus oils from the rind, the fruit or plant is manually or mechanically pressed until all the oil is squeezed out.

ironing

Have you noticed that what happen when you are ironing your clothes ?
I did not know that until I search it on Internet and I found that Ironing depends on the chemical reaction which will happen during it.First want to tell you about history of ironing and then define ironing and explain how our clothes will be straight:
Ironing or smoothing is the work of using a heated tool to remove crease from washed clothes . The common tools for this purpose are called "irons".
Ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long-chain polymer molecule in the fibres of the material. While the molecules are hot, the fibres are straightened by the weight of the iron, and they hold their new shape as they cool. Some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds.

chemistry of bread

Bread is an essential food in the world, from the most ancient times,because its tste is very delicious and it is easy to make it.I want to tell you how chemistry has a important role in the making bread.we need just flour and water to bake the bread.
Bread contains STARCH, a polymeric form of glucose, forming long molecular chains and PROTEINS, (10-12%, formed by GLUTEN) and SALT (0.5-1.0%). It can be prepared only with the flour of SOFT WHEAT and RYE, because only those cereals contain the gluten, a protein that allows and stabilizes the typical swelling of bread.
The initial phase is mixing of FLOUR and the 50% of its weight of TEPID WATER in which it has been dissolved the SALT and the BREWER'S YEAST, in an amount of about 1% of the flour weight. This yeast is made of colonies of a fungus, the SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, prepared on residuals of on residuals of beer industry.

In many countries are not used the yeast like Middle East, the bread remains flat and we obtain the UNLEAVENED BREAD.
The yeast, at a temperature of about 30-35C, finds its favourable environment to reproduce itself and decomposes the starch, by means of an enzyme, the ZIMASIS, in molecules of ETHANOL (CH3-CH2-OH) and CARBON BIOXIDE (CO2):
-(C6H12O6)n- -> 2n CH3-CH2-OH + 2n CO2
The alcohol and the CO2 diffuse in the mass of the pastry forming many little bubbles and causing its swelling during the RISING phase, lasting some hours, at a controlled temperature (30-35C), in a place protected by air currents. The rising time is directly proportional to the bread size.
Then, the pastry is slightly compressed,' it's given the desired form and it's put into the oven at 200-300 C, for a time of 20-45 min., according to the dimension of the pieces.
In the oven, the ethanol and the CO2 evaporate, leaving the mass very spongy . Inside the mass, where the temperature remains relatively low (about 100 C), the protein component (the gluten) coagulates and forms a protein skeleton or tridimensional network containing many starch granules, partially decomposed in starch-water and soluble amylo-dextrin. This swollen mass becomes stable and forms the CRUMB, soft and elastic, holding in much water.
In the exterior of the cooking bread, exposed to the highest temperature, water evaporates nearly totally, the starch decomposes into smaller molecules of maltose (C12H22011) and dextrin and it forms a partially caramelized sugar, with its typical blond or brown colour and its fragile consistence. This is the CRUST of bread.
The water retained by the crumb after the cooking is a measure of the YIELD of the bread; from 100 Kg of flour, 125-135 Kg of bread are normally obtained and the yield is the exceeding weight respect to the used flour.
This is the method of making bread and the chemical reactions which happen during it.

chemistry is life

chemistry plays an important role in every person’s daily activities from the moment we’re born. Most people wake up to an alarm or radio. These common household items contain batteries, which make them very chemically dependent. These batteries contain positive and negative electrodes. The positive electrode consists of a carbon rod surrounded by a mixture of carbon and manganese dioxide. The negative electrode is made of zinc. Chemistry plays an important role in the discovery and understanding of materials contained in these and many other common household items. Things like household cleaners and water purification systems are vitally dependent on chemistry. Without chemistry something as simple as scrubbing a toilet without fear of severe burns or small explosions might not be possible. Almost anything you do during the course of a normal day involves chemistry in some way. The gas and tires in cars we drive, the makeup we put on our faces, the soaps and cleaners used everyday, burning wood or other fossil fuels, chemistry is all around you each and every day. So definitely CHEMISTRY IS LIFE.